Prazo de validade de esterilização de artigos utilizados em uma clínica odontológica / Sterilization expiration date of articles used in an odontological clinic

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a manutenção da esterilidade de materiais armazenados em uma clínica escola de Odontologia. Trata-se de um estudo experimental, no qual foram utilizados tubos de ensaio embalados em papel grau cirúrgico, armazenados por 84 dias em três partes das prateleiras. Após, foi realizado contagem e identificação das unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC). Foi constatado a ocorrência de 222 UFC em todos os grupos e amostras avaliados. Seis micro-organismos foram observados: Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusfumigatus, Bacillus sp., Bacillussubtitlis, Micrococcus sp. e Rhizopus sp. Micrococcus sp. (47,7%) o mais frequentemente observado nas amostras, seguido de Bacillus sp. (25,7%) e Bacillussubtilis (15,8%). Conclui-se que os materiais avaliados são estéreis, e após uma semana de armazenamento apresentou UFC nas culturas, com relação a definição baseada na probabilística de estudos da cinética da morte microbiana os artigos manteve sua esterilidade pelos 84 dias de prateleira.(AU)

This paper aimed to evaluate the maintenance and sterility of supplies stored in a school dental office. It is an experimental study, which surgical paper packed test tubeswere used; they were stored for 84 days in three level parts of a shelf. Then, the colony forming units (CFU) count and identification were taken. It was found 222 CFU in all tested groups and samples. Six microorganisms were observed: Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusfumigatus, Bacillus sp., Bacillus subtitlis, Micrococcus sp. e Rhizopus sp. Micrococcus sp. (47,7%) were more frequent observed in the samples. Followed by Bacillus sp. (25,7%) e Bacillus subtilis (15,8%). It was concluded that tested material was sterile, after a week stored they presented CFU in cultures, regarding to the definition based on probabilistic studies of microbial death kinetics the supplies retained their sterility through 84 shelf days.(AU)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la manutención de la esterilidad de los materiales almacenados en una clinica de Odontología. Es un estudio de prueba, el cual se utilizaron tubos de ensayo envasados en papel de grado quirúrgico, almacenados por 84 días en tres partes de una estantería. Después, fue realizado el conteo e identificación de las unidades formadoras de colónias (UFC). Se constató la presencia de 222 UFC en todos los grupos y muestras evaluados. Seis microorganismos fueran observados: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Bacillus sp., Bacillus subtitlis, Micrococcus sp. y Rhizopus sp. Micrococcus sp.(47,7%) lo más frecuente observado en las muestras, seguido porBacillus sp. (25,7%) y Bacillus subtilis (15,8%). Se concluyó que los materiales evaluados son estériles, y después de una semana de almacenamiento presentaron UFC en las culturas, con relación a la definición basada en la probabilística de estudios de la cinética de la muerte micribiana los artículos mantivieron su esterilidad por los 84 días en estantería.(AU)

Ocorrência de dermatófitos em tegumento de bovinos e ovinos hígidos / Occurrence of dermatophytes in healthy cattle and sheep tegument / Ocurrencia de dermatofitos en tegumento de bovinos y ovinos hígidos

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a prevalência de dermatófitos em tegumento de bovinos e ovinos hígidos e a sua capacidade de transmissão e desenvolvimento da doença. Para isso, foram coletadas amostras de pelo e descamações de 90 bovinos e 90 ovinos hígidos. Essas amostras foram semeadas em meio DTM e ágar Sabouraud Dextrose enriquecido com extrato de levedura, tiamina, antibióticos (estreptomicina e cloranfenicol) e suplementado de cicloheximida, sendo essas incubadas a 35 oC por 10 dias. As culturas positivas foram avaliadas macro e microscopicamente e, os fungos foram identificados por métodos bioquímicos. Verificou-se que as espécies isoladas com maior frequência, nos bovinos, foram T. mentagrophytes e M. gypseum. Nos ovinos, foi constatada maior ocorrência do agente T. verrucosum, seguido por T. mentagrophytes e M. gypseum. Houve também isolamento de M. canis, porém, em um número reduzido de amostras. Assim, concluiu-se que o tegumento de bovinos e de ovinos hígidos apresentou incidência elevada de dermatófitos de diferentes espécies, em amostras coletadas durante o período chuvoso do ano. Por isso, em animais jovens ou naqueles submetidos a elevados níveis de estresse e, consequente queda da resposta imunológica, o risco de desenvolvimento da dermatofitose e da transmissão dos dermatófitos neste período são eminentes.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of dermatophytes in healthy cattle and sheep teguments, and their ability to transmit and develop diseases. Samples of fur and flaking from 90 healthy cattle and 90 healthy sheep were collected. These samples were plated on DTM medium and Sabouraud Dextrose agar supplemented with yeast extract, thiamine, antibiotics (streptomycin and chloramphenicol) enhanced with cycloheximide. They were then incubated at 35 °C for 10 days. Positive cultures were macroscopically and microscopically evaluated, and fungi were identified by biochemical methods. It was found that the most frequent species isolated in cattle were T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum. In sheep, a higher occurrence of the agent T. verrucosum could be observed, followed by T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum. There was also the isolation of M. canis, but in a small number of samples. Thus, it could be concluded that the tegument of healthy cattle and sheep showed high incidence of dermatophytes from different species in samples collected during the rainy season of the year. Therefore, in young animals, in those subjected to high levels of stress and consequent drop in immune response, there is eminent risk of developing dermatophytosis and transmission of dermatophytes in this period.(AU)

El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido verificar la prevalencia de dermatofitos en tegumento de bovinos y ovinos hígidos y su capacidad de transmisión y desarrollo de la enfermedad. Para ello, se recolectó muestras de pelo y descamaciones de 90 bovinos y 90 ovinos hígidos. Esas muestras fueron sembradas en medio DTM y agar Sabouraud Dextrosis enriquecida con extracto de levadura, tiamina, antibióticos (estreptomicina y cloranfenicol) y suplementado de cicloheximida, siendo esas incubadas a 35ºC durante 10 días. Los cultivos positivos fueron evaluados macro y microscópicamente y los hongos fueron identificados por métodos bioquímicos. Se verificó que las especies aisladas con mayor frecuencia, en los bovinos, fueron T. mentagrophytes y M. gypseum. En los ovinos, se constató mayor ocurrencia del agente T. verrucosum, seguido por T. mentagrophytes y M. gypseum. También hubo aislamiento de M. canis, sin embargo, en un número reducido de muestras. Así, se concluyó que el tegumento de bovinos y de ovinos hígidos presentó una elevada incidencia de dermatofitos de diferentes especies, en muestras recogidas durante el período lluvioso del año. Por lo tanto, en animales jóvenes o en aquellos sometidos a altos niveles de estrés y, consecuente caída de la respuesta inmunológica, el riesgo de desarrollo de la dermatofitosis y de la transmisión de los dermatofitos en este período son eminentes.(AU)

Analysis of laser therapy effects in Sporothrix schenckii inactivation in vivo

Abstract Introduction Sporotrichosis is a common disease in tropical regions, caused by the fungus Sporothrix schenckii, affecting mainly rural workers and in direct contact with animals. Although treatment by indiscriminate use of oral antifungal drugs gives rise resistant isolates, leading to therapeutic failures and no remission of the disease. To evaluate the effectiveness of red low-power laser photobiomodulation in inactivation of S. schenckii infection induced in rodents. Methods Subcutaneously inoculation (2x103 S. schenckii/ml, 0.2 ml suspension) in the left footpad, in 27 mice divided into: control (n = 6, inoculated, without irradiation): early stage (not inoculated) = 1th biopsy; intermediate (9 weeks of evolution) = 2nd biopsy; final (21 weeks of evolution) = 3th biopsy. Treated (n = 21, inoculated and irradiated): early (13 weeks of evolution, 4 weeks after first irradiation) = 4th biopsy, intermediate (17 weeks of evolution, 8 weeks after first irradiation) = 5th biopsy, final (21 weeks of evolution, 12 weeks after first irradiation) = 6th biopsy. Serial irradiation with biopsies occurred every 30 days during each month, for three months. At the end of testing, the mice were euthanized, and histological analyzes of biopsies were performed. Results Each laser treatment session showed an inactivation of S. schenckii in treated animals compared to controls, with a regression of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, chronic inflammation, neutrophils, granulomas, giant mononuclear cells and steroid corpuscles. Conclusion The laser photobiomodulation was effective on S. schenckii inactivation, appearing to be an interesting therapeutic option in infections caused by this organism.

Inactivación in vitro de bacterias patógenas mediante el uso de ozono en diferentes tiempos de exposición / In vitro inactivation of pathogenic bacteria by the use of ozone in different exposure times

Intrdoduction: in the area of ​​health, ozone has many therapeutic properties. Several pathologies can be treated with ozone therapy, such as infectious, acute and chronic diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites, autoimmune diseases, diseases with chronic ischemia, lung diseases, neuropathies, dermatological diseases, dental caries, among others. Objective: to evaluate the effect of ozone applied in vitro in the following strains: Escherichia coli CCCD E003, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi CCCD S009, Staphylococcus aureus CCCD S003, Pseudomonas aeruginosa CCCD P013, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 18211. For this purpose use was made of different cell concentrations and different times of exposure to ozone. Methods: we used concentrations of 1 x 102, 1 x 103, 1 x 10 4, 1 x 105, 1 x 106, 1 x 107, 1 x 108 and 1 x 109 CFU/mL of NaCl (0.5 percent w/v) exposed to ozone for different time intervals (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 390, 420, 450, 480, 510 and 540 s). Bacterial viability was determined by CFU and the colorimetric method with 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride. Results: it was found that the species S. aureus, E. coli, S. typhi, S. mutans and E. faecalis were sensitive to ozone, showing a decrease of 45-80 percent of viable cells after 30 s of ozone exposure relative to the initial population, whereas P. aeruginosa was reduced 25 percent compared to the initial population. The viability of bacteria exposed to ozone was dependent on the cell concentration and time exposure. Conclusions: ozone had a bactericidal effect on the bacteria used in this study and that this effect was proportional to the concentration of bacterial cells and the time of exposure to O3. The results show significant efficacy of ozone to control populations of pathogenic bacteria, providing relevant information for its use in different areas, but always taking into account the microorganism involved(AU)

Introducción: el ozono tiene muchas aplicaciones terapéuticas en la esfera de la salud. Algunas patologías pueden tratarse con ozonoterapia, entre ellas enfermedades infecciosas, agudas y crónicas causadas por virus, bacterias, hongos o parásitos, enfermedades autoinmunitarias, enfermedades con isquemia crónica, enfermedades pulmonares, neuropatías, enfermedades dermatológicas y caries dentales, entre otras. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del ozono aplicado in vitro sobre las siguientes cepas: Escherichia coli CCCD E003, Salmonella enterica subesp. enterica serovar Typhi CCCD S009, Staphylococcus aureus CCCD S003, Pseudomonas aeruginosa CCCD P013, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 y Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 18211. Con este propósito se utilizaron diferentes concentraciones celulares y diferentes tiempos de exposición al ozono. Métodos: utilizamos concentraciones de 1 x 102, 1 x 103, 1 x 104, 1 x 105, 1 x 106, 1 x 107, 1 x 108 y 1 x 109 UFC/mL de NaCl (0,5 por ciento m/v) expuestas a ozono durante diferentes intervalos de tiempo (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 390, 420, 450, 480, 510 y 540 s). La viabilidad bacteriana se determinó mediante UFC y el método colorimétrico con cloruro de 2,3,5-trifeniltetrazolio. Resultados: se observó que las especies S. aureus, E. coli, S. typhi, S. mutans y E. faecalis eran sensibles al ozono, mostrando una disminución de 45-80 por ciento de las células viables luego de una exposición de 30 s al ozono en comparación con la población inicial, mientras que la especie P. aeruginosa se redujo en un 25 por ciento en comparación con la población inicial. La viabilidad de las bacterias expuestas al ozono dependió tanto de la concentración celular como del tiempo de exposición. Conclusiones: el ozono mostró tener un efecto bactericida sobre las bacterias utilizadas en el estudio, y ese efecto fue proporcional tanto a la concentración de las células bacterianas como al tiempo de exposición al O3. Los resultados demuestran la significativa eficacia del ozono para controlar poblaciones de bacterias patógenas, y ofrecen información relevante con vistas a su uso en diferentes áreas, pero siempre teniendo en cuenta el microorganismo en cuestión(AU)

Use of photodynamic inactivation for in vitro reduction of prevalent bacteria in Fournier's Gangrene

ABSTRACT Fournier's Gangrene (FG) is an infectious disease caused by several synergic microbes, with high morbidity and mortality rates; therefore, the search for new less invasive and mutilating treatments, with faster recovery, has been proposed. Surgical intervention, the use of several systemic and topic antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy are currently the best approach for the treatment of these patients. The use of Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) aims to lower morbidity and mortality, by reducing bacterial microbiota and speeding wound healing. In the present study, viable bacteria were separated in four groups: Group L-/F- (no irradiation with red laser and absence of methylene blue photosensitizer), Group L-/F+ (no irradiation with red laser and presence of methylene blue), Group L+/F- (irradiation with red laser and absence of methylene blue) and L+/F+ (irradiation with red laser associated to methylene blue). In all groups, exposure time to treatment was 5, 10 and 15 minutes. The concentration of methylene blue photosensitizer was 0.1mg/L, and the dose of red laser (660nm wave length) was 176.9mW/cm2. Following irradiation, the reduction of number of bacteria was evaluated, and the results were expressed in colony forming units (CFU) and as exponential reduction. As the main results, in the L+/F+ group, there were no Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus CFUs and there was a reduction of Escherichia coli that was not observed in the other groups.

Avaliação microbiológica uterina durante o puerpério de vacas Nelore primíparas / Evaluación microbiológica uterina durante el puerperio de vacas Nelore primíparas / Uterine microbiological assessment of primiparous nelore cows during puerperium

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a microbiota uterina de vacas primíparas da raça Nelore durante o período puerperal. Foi coletado material do útero de 15 fêmeas recém-paridas, uma vez por semana, durante 60 dias. O material coletado foi inoculado em meio de cultura, e os microrganismos foram identificados por meio de coloração de Gram, coloração Azul de Algodão e testes bioquímicos. As amostras foram isolados Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., S. intermedius, Bacillus spp., Actinomyces pyogenes, Sporothrix schenckii, Trichophyton verrucosum e Candida albicans, geralmente em associações. Com isso, concluímos que o puerpério é um processo séptico, e os agentes encontrados são os mesmos que provocam a maioria dos casos de infecções uterinas pós-parto. O número e a variação de microrganismos decrescem a cada semana, demonstrando o processo natural de autodefesa do útero que ocorre quando o animal apresenta-se sadio.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la microbiota uterina de vacas primíparas de la raza Nelore durante el puerperio. El material fue recogido del útero de 15 vacas que habían parido recientemente, una vez a la semana durante 60 días. El material recogido se inoculó en medios de cultivo y los microorganismos fueron identificados mediante las tinciones de Gram, Azul de Algodón, y por pruebas bioquímicas. En los cultivos se aislaron Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., S. intermedius, Bacillus spp., Actinomyces pyogenes, Sporothrix schenckii, Trichophyton verrucosum y Candida albicans, generalmente con más de un microorganismo por muestra. Se concluyó que el puerperio es un proceso séptico, y que estos agentes son la causa de la mayoría de los casos de infecciones uterinas después del parto. El número y variedad de microorganismos disminuyeron cada semana, lo que demuestra un proceso natural de autodefensa del útero cuando el animal está sano.

It was aimed to evaluate the uterine microbiota of primiparous Nelore cows during the puerperal period. To 15 fifteen females immediately parous, secretions were obtained from the uterus once a week, during sixty days. Material obtained was inoculated in culture media, and microorganism identification was made by smears stained by the Gram method, cotton blue and biochemical tests. Microorganisms recovered were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, S. intermedius, Streptococcus spp, Bacillus spp, Actinomyces pyogenes, Sporotrix schenckii, Trichophyton verrucosum and Candida albicans, generally recovering more than one microorganism per culture, demonstrating that the puerperium is a septic process. The number and type of microorganisms decreased every week, demonstrating the natural process of self-defense of the uterus that occurs by the end of puerperium.

Photodynamic action of protoporphyrin IX derivatives on Trichophyton rubrum

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Dermatophytes are filamentous keratinophilic fungi. Trichophyton rubrum is a prevalent infectious agent in tineas and other skin diseases. Drug therapy is considered to be limited in the treatment of such infections, mainly due to low accessibility of the drug to the tissue attacked and development of antifungal resistance in these microorganisms. In this context, Photodynamic Therapy is presented as an alternative. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate, in vitro, the photodynamic activity of four derivatives of Protoporphyrin IX by irradiation with LED 400 nm in T. rubrum. METHOD: Assays were subjected to irradiation by twelve cycles of ten minutes at five minute intervals. RESULT: Photodynamic action appeared as effective with total elimination of UFCs from the second irradiation cycle. CONCLUSION: Studies show that the photodynamic activity on Trichophyton rubrum relates to a suitable embodiment of the photosensitizer, which can be maximized by functionalization of peripheral groups of the porphyrinic ring.

Ozônio no controle de micro-organismos em resíduos de serviços de saúde / Ozone in the control of microorganisms in health care waste el / Ozono en el control de los microorganismos los resíduos de los servicios de la salud

Os resíduos dos serviços de saúde estão recebendo merecida atenção nos últimos anos, não pela quantidade gerada, mas pelo risco potencial que representa à saúde e ao meio ambiente. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a eficiência do ozônio no controle in vitro de micro-organismos isolados de Resíduos de Serviço de Saúde (RSS). Para os procedimentos microbiológicos foram retirados 10,0 g de RSS e diluídos em 90,0 mL de solução de NaCl (0,5%) e 0,1 mL de cada diluição foi inoculada em placas contendo os meios agarizados, incubados a 37 ºC por 24-48 horas. Suspensões bacterianas foram expostas ao ozônio de forma direta por meio de um difusor. Foram identificados os seguintes micro-organismos patogênicos: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Clostridiumtetani, Staphylococcus sp, Aspergillus niger, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum e Clostridium sp.Concluiu-se que o ozônio é eficiente no controle in vitro de micro-organismos isolados de RSS.

Waste from health care services are receiving the required attention in the last years, not for the amount generated, but for its potential risk towards health and environment. This study had as its main goal to verify the efficiency of the ozone in the in vitro control of isolated microorganisms in health care waste. For microbiological procedures 10.0 g of health care waste was used, diluted in 90.0 mL of NaCl (0.5%) and 0.1 mL of each dilution was inoculatedin plates containing agar media, incubated at 37 ºC for 24-48 hours. Bacterial suspensions were exposed to ozonedirectly through a diffuser. The following pathogenic microorganisms were identified: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Candida albicans, Clostridium tetani, Staphylococcus sp, Aspergillus niger, Trichophyton mentagrophytes,Microsporum gypseum and Clostridium sp. It was concluded that ozone is efficient in the in vitro control of isolated health care waste microorganisms.

Los residuos de los servicios de salud están recibiendo merecida atención en los últimos años, no por la cantidad generada, sino por el riesgo potencial que representan para la salud y el medio ambiente. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la eficacia del ozono en el control in vitro de microorganismos aislados de Residuos de Servicios de Salud (RSS). Para los procedimientos microbiológicos se utilizaron 10,0 g de RSS, se diluyeron en 90,0 mL de soluciónde NaCl (0,5%) y 0,1 mL de cada dilución se inoculó en placas que contenían medios agarizados, se incubaron a 37 ºC durante 24-48 horas. Suspensiones bacterianas fueron expuestas al ozono directamente a través de un difusor. Los siguientes microorganismos patógenos han sido identificados: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candidaalbicans, Clostridium tetani, Staphylococcus sp, Aspergillus niger, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporumgypseum y Clostridium sp. Se concluyó que el ozono es eficiente en el control in vitro de microorganismos aislados de RSS.

Effectiveness of ozonated water in the reprocessing of blood dialyzers

INTRODUCTION: Ozone is a potent antibacterial agent. Because ozone oxidizes organic material, it directly attacks microorganisms resulting in safe, fast and economical sterilization at low temperatures. This study evaluated the efficacy of ozonated water in the reprocessing of dialyzers obtained from a hemodialysis service in São José do Rio Preto. METHODS: A total of 23 blood dialyzers were collected at the conclusion of the morning hemodialysis shift. The equipment was collected after the maximum number of reuses, with the last disinfection performed with purified water (obtained by reverse osmosis and subsequent reverse ultrafiltration). The number and species of microorganisms in the dialyzers were evaluated before and after treatment with ozonated water. The ozonation of sterile deionized water was achieved by direct contact between the water and the ozone generating equipment. RESULTS:The mean number of microorganisms before sterilization was 1,47.10(9) colony forming units per ml (CFU/ml). After treatment with ozonated water, the number of microorganisms was 4,80.10¹ CFU/ml. CONCLUSION: Ozonated water is an effective decontaminant for most blood dialyzers.

Qualidade microbiológica do leite in natura durante o processo de obtençãoe após o resfriamento / Microbiological quality of milk in nature during the process of obtainingand after cooling / Calidad microbiológica natural de la leche durante el proceso de ordeño ydespués de refrigerarse

O Presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar as alterações na qualidade microbiológica do leite in natura duranteo processo de obtenção e após refrigeração analisando a ação das teteiras como potenciais fontes de contaminação.Foram analisadas 120 amostras de leite e swabs de teteiras coletados em diferentes períodos provenientes de umagranja leiteira localizada em Auriflama, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. No leite em processo de obtenção as contagensde microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos no mês de março foi alta. Os meses de março e abril apresentaram elevadascontagens de Staphylococcus aureus (coagulase positiva) em 76,6% das amostras. Em 53,33% encontrou-secontaminação por coliformes totais, 35% por coliformes termotolerantes e por E.coli. Nenhuma amostra apresentoucontaminação por Salmonella. No leite coletado após refrigeração, no mês de março, constatou-se contagens deaeróbios mesófilos elevadas. Staphylococcus aureus, coliformes totais e termotolerantes estiveram presentes emtodas as amostras analisadas. Escherichia coli foi isolada nas amostras de março e abril. Na avaliação dos swabs deteteiras, encontrou-se E. coli e S.aureus. Conclui-se que o leite deve ser coletado de maneira higiênica, associado àprogramas de controle de mastite e higiene de equipamentos, principalmente na época de maior índice pluviométricopois o número de microrganismos aumenta e a refrigeração não melhora a qualidade do produto, apenas a mantém.

The present study aimed to check for changes in the microbiological quality of milk in natura during theprocess of obtaining and after cooling ,analyzing the action of teatcups as potential sources of contamination.We analyzed 120 samples of milk samples and teatcupscollected in different periods from a dairy farm located inAuriflama, São Paulo State, Brazil. Microbiological analyses were carried out in accordance with the rules in force fordetermination of microorganisms in food and equipment. It was observed a high number ofStaphylococcusaureus (76.6% of the samples). In 53.33% it was found coliform contamination by total coliforms,35% by thermotolerantcoliforms and Escherichiacoli. No samples presented Salmonella contamination. In the milkcollected after cooling, in March, it was observed high mesophilic aerobic counts. Staphylococcus aureus andthermotolerants Coliforms were present in all samples analyzed. E. coli was isolated in samples of March and April.On the evaluation of swabs of teatcups , It was found E. coli and s. aureus. It is concluded and that the milk shall be collected from hygienic way, associated with mastitis control programs and hygiene equipment, mainly at the timeof greatest rainfall,once the number of microorganisms increases and the refrigeration does not improve the quality of the product, it just keeps it.

El estudio actual tiene el propósito de verificar los cambios en la calidad microbiológica natural de la leche durante el proceso de ordeño y después de refrigerada, analizando la acción de las tazas como fuente potencial de contaminación.Analizamos 120 muestras de leche y las tazas recolectadas en diferentes momentos en una finca lechera en Auriflama, estado de Sao Paulo en Brasil. Los análisis microbiológicos se llevaron a cabo siguiendo las reglas vigentes para determinar los microorganismos en los alimentos y en los equipos. Se encontraron una gran cantidad de estafilococosaureus (76.6% de las muestras). Se encontró contaminación con coliformes en un 53,33%, y en 35% con coliformestermotolerantes y escherichia coli. No se encontró contaminación con salmonela en ninguna de las muestras. En la leche que fue recogida despues de refrigerarse, en marzo, se observaron altos niveles de mesofílicos aerobicos.Había presencia de estafilicocos aureus y coliformes termotolerantes en las muestras analizadas. Se aisló el E. colide las muestras de Marzo y abril. Al evaluar las muestras de copitos de algodón tomado de las tasas, se encontraron E. Coli y s. aureus. En conclusión la leche se tiene que recolectar de la forma más higuiénica posible, asociada con programas de control de la mastitis y equipos de higuiene, principalmente durante los períodos muy lluviosos, y el número de microorganismos se aumenta y la refrigeración no mejora la calidad del producto, sino que simplemente,la mantiene.

Utilização de extratos de plantas medicinais e óleo de Eucaliptus no controle in vitro de Microsporum canis / Use of extracts of medicinal plants and oil of Eucalyptus in the control in vitro of Microsporum canis

INTRODUÇÃO: Microsporum canis é o causador mais comum de dermatofitose canina e felina apresentando assim um importante papel zoonótico. OBJETIVOS: o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a ação antifúngica de extratos de plantas medicinais e óleo de eucalipto frente ao fungo patogênico Microsporum canis. MÉTODOS: os extratos brutos foram preparados utilizando-se 300 g de folhas, previamente lavadas e 450 mL de água deionizada. O material vegetal foi misturado, triturado, coado e filtrado e em seguida, esterilizados e conservados a 10 ± 2 ºC. Depois de esterilizado, o meio Sabouraud dextrose (Difco) atingiu a temperatura de 55 ± 1 ºC. Foram adicionados 15 mL em placas de Petri contendo os extratos em concentrações que correspondiam a um, dois, três, quatro e cinco ml. Uma vez solidificado o meio, o fungo foi inoculado. As placas inoculadas foram mantidas em incubadora B.O.D. a temperatura de 36 ± 0,5 ºC até o desenvolvimento do fungo na placa de controle. RESULTADOS: os extratos de romã, manga e eucalipto diminuíram o crescimento do fungo, mas os de citronela, cravo de defunto, arruda, tiririca, graviola e folhas e flores de calêndula, promoveram o desenvolvimento do fungo. O restante dos extratos e o óleo de eucalipto, não apresentaram ação fungicida nem promoveram o crescimento micelial. CONCLUSÕES: a maioria dos extratos testados e o óleo de eucalipto não apresentam efeito inibitório no desenvolvimento de Microsporum canis tornando inutilizável o uso destes fitoterápicos no controle deste fungo; enquanto que os extratos de citronela, cravo de defunto, arruda, tiririca, graviola e de folhas e flores de calêndula induziram o desenvolvimento do fungo, mostrando que a utilização de fitoterápicos deve ser realizada de uma maneira correta pois em caso contrário podese agravar o problema. Os extratos de manga, romã e eucalipto podem ser usados como substâncias fungistáticas no controle de M. canis.

INTRODUCTION: Microsporum canis is the most common cause of canine and feline dermatophytosis and thus has an important zoonotic role. OBJECTIVES: the aim of this study was to determine the antifungal action of medicinal plant extracts and of eucalyptus oil against pathogenic fungus Microsporum canis. METHODS: the extracts were prepared by mixing 300 g of previously washed leaves with 450 mL of distilled water. Then the material was triturated, filtered, sterilized and conserved at 10 + 2 ºC. Fifteen milliliters of sterilized medium Sabouraud dextrose (Difco) at a temperature of 55 + 1 ºC was added in Petri dishes containing the extracts in one, two, three, four and five mm concentrations. The fungus was inoculated once the medium was solidified. The inoculated dishes were maintained in B.O.D. incubator at 36 ± 0,5 ºC until the fungus developed in the controls. RESULTS: the extracts from Punica granatum, Mangifera indica and Eucalyptus spp reduced the growth of fungus, but the extracts from Cymgopogom nardus, Tagetes minuta, Ruta graviolens, Cyperus rotundus, Annona moricata and Calendula spp leaves and flowers boosted the growth of fungus. The other extracts and the eucalyptus oil neither show any fungicidal action nor encourage mycelium growth. CONCLUSIONS: the use of most tested extracts and eucalyptus oil is not suitable for the treatment of Microsporum canis dermatophytosis due to lack of inhibitory effects. The extracts from Cymgopogom nardus, Tagetes minuta, Ruta graviolens, Cyperus rotundus, Annona moricata and from of Calendula spp leaves and flowers help the development of the fungus making clear that phytotherapy should be properly used, otherwise it can worsen the problem. However; extracts from Mangifera indica, Punica granatum and Eucalyptus spp. can be used as fungistatic.